| a
pale blue box is used for in-text examples |
| and
a pink box is used for examples from the reference list. |
Formatting Your Paper
• Set margins at least 1”
all around.
•
Use 12 point font size (Courier or Times Roman).
•
All text should be double spaced.
•
Page numbers should be in the upper right hand corner of the page,
beginning with the title page.
•
Each page should be identified with a header containing the
first two or three words of the title of the paper. The header should
be placed in the upper right-hand corner, above or five spaces to the
left of the page number.
•
Indent the first line of every paragraph 5-7 spaces.
Using
Numbers
| Refer
to the APA Publication Manual for a complete list of exceptions to
the following rules. |
• Use
figures to express numbers 10 and above.
32
exposures
the final 25%
10 miles long |
• Use
figures to express numbers that represent time, date, age, population
or sample size.
a
2 week period
4-year olds
3 participants |
• Use
figures to express numbers that represent mathematical or statistical
functions.
about 7% of
children
divided by 5
a ratio of 4:1 |
• Use
words to express numbers below 10.
the third
test
seven cities |
• Use
words to express any number that begins a sentence.
Fifty-four
percent of the respondents were retired.
Ten participants
from each community were asked to complete a survey. |
.
Using
Quotations
• When
quoting provide the author, year and page number. Enclose all quotations,
except those of 40 or more words, in double quotation marks.
According
to Mulvey (2006), “Any discussion about the prospects of retirement
security for the baby boomers must take
into account the potentially devastating costs of future long term
care services” (p. 54).
Mulvey (2006) points out “the potentially devastating costs
of future long term care services” (p. 54) must be taken into
account.
The “potentially
devastating costs of future long term care services” (Mulvey,
2006, p. 54) affect the retirement outlook
for baby boomers. |
• Quotations
of 40 or more words are indented five spaces and blocked.
Mulvey (2006)
explains:
Any
discussion about the prospects of retirement
security for the
baby boomers must take into account
the potentially
devastating costs of future long term care services.
The reality is individual
savings is not going to
be sufficient to
pay for long term care services for middle income
Americans, and the
government will face ever increasing
fiscal pressures
as the baby boomers age
and become eligible
for Social Security and Medicare. (p. 54)
|
Omissions
in Quotations
• Use
an ellipsis (three dots) to indicate omitted words in a sentence. Use
a period and an ellipsis (four dots) to indicate an omission between two
sentences.
Mulvey (2006)
notes, “Any discussion … must take into account the
potentially devastating costs of future long term care
services” (p. 54).
Mulvey (2006)
notes, “Individual savings is not going to be sufficient to
pay for long term care services …. and employers
should consider carefully how they could help to motivate workers
to purchase long term care insurance at younger ages
when it is more affordable" (p.54). |
Paraphrasing
• When
paraphrasing you must credit the source, as you would when quoting.
Phillips
(2006) explains how increasing knowledge of the genetic basis of disease
is changing the landscape of health
care.
Increasing knowledge of the genetic basis of disease is changing the
landscape of health care (Phillips, 2006). |
Groups as Authors
• Groups,
such as government agencies, corporations and associations, are spelled
out in the reference list and the first time they appear cited in the
text (followed by the abbreviation). Subsequent text citations are abbreviated
only.
Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention. (2006). MMWR weekly: Summary of notifiable
diseases. Retrieved October 4, 2006, from
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5353a1.htm
|
First Citing
in Text:
| (Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2006) |
Subsequent
Citings in Text:
Works
with No Authors Listed
• When
a work, such as an article or web page, has no author (not even a corporate
body), use the first few words of the title in quotation marks to substitute
for the name of the author. If the work is a book, brochure or report,
use italics instead of quotation marks.
An
article or web site entitled Building Healthy Futures for All Children
would appear cited in the text as
| (“Building
Healthy Futures,” 2004) |
A
book or report with the same title would appear as
| (Building
Healthy Futures, 2004) |
• If
a work’s author is presented as Anonymous, cite the work as though
Anonymous were the author’s name.
Works with no Date Listed
• Use
n.d. for no date.
| (U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services, n.d.) |
U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Healthy people
2010: What is healthy people? Retrieved
October 6, 2006, from http://www.healthypeople.gov/About/whatis.htm
|
Works
with Multiple Authors
Two
Authors
• Always
cite both names. Use an ampersand instead of “and”.
Pagliusi, S.
R., & Aguado, M. T. (2004). Efficacy and other milestones for
human papillomavirus vaccine introduction.
Vaccine, 23(5), 569-578.
|
Three to Five Authors
• All
authors should be named the first time the reference is used. Afterwards,
use only the surname of the first author followed by et al.
First Citing
in Text:
| (Millin, Jenkins,
& Kirsch, 2006) |
Subsequent
Citings in Text:
Millin, M. G.,
Jenkins, J. L., & Kirsch, T. (2006). A comparative analysis of
two external health care disaster responses
following hurricane Katrina. Prehospital
Emergency Care, 10(4), 451-456.
|
Six
or More Authors
• Cite
only the first author followed by et al. In the reference list,
write the names of the first six authors and use et al. to designate any
further authors.
Sailaja, N.,
Chandrasekhar, M., Rekhadevi, P. V., Mahboob, M., Rahman, M. F., &
Vuyyuri, S. B., et al. (2006).
Genotoxic evaluation of workers employed
in pesticide production. Mutation Research - Genetic Toxicology
and
Environmental Mutagenesis, 609(1),
74-80. |
Authors with the Same Surname
• Include
the authors’ initials in all citations.
(W. Smith, 1976)
(D. T. Smith, 2003) |
Citing
More than One Work at Once
• Works
should appear within the same parenthesis
in the same order as they would in the reference list.
| (Harper, 1988;
Rodgers, 1941) |
Examples of References
Article
from a Print Journal
Goodman, R. M.,
Yoo, S., & Jack, L. J. (2006). Applying comprehensive community-based
approaches in diabetes prevention:
Rationale, principles, and models.
Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 12(6),
545-555. |
Article
Retreived Electronically
• When
an article is an exact copy of the original print version you may reference
it as print, but if you have only viewed it electronically use the designation
[Electronic version].
Swanson, G. M.
(2006). Epidemiology - the leading health discipline [Electronic
version]. Annals of Epidemiology,
16(10), 794-795. |
• When
the electronic version has content not found in the print version, include
the retrieval date and URL and
use the designation [Online exclusive].
Keeley, E. C.,
& Grines, C. L. (2004). Primary coronary intervention for acute
myocardial infarction [Online exclusive]. Journal of the
American Medical Association,
291(6), 736-739. Retrieved October 4, 2006, from
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/291/6/736 |
• Whenever
an article has a digital object identifier (DOI), use it in place of the
URL and omit the retrieval date.
Breckenkamp,
J., Wiskow, C., & Laaser, U. (2007). Progress on quality management
in the German health system: a long and winding
road. Health Research Policy and
Systems, 5(7). doi:10.1186/1478-4505-5-7 |
Article
Retreived From a Database
• Include
the retrieval date and the name of the database.
Remember to use the DOI, instead of the URL and retreival date, if the
DOI is provided.
Wielawski, I.
(2006). HIPAA, TB, and me. Health Affairs, 25(4),
1127-1132. Retrieved October 18, 2006, from the
CINAHL database. |
Non-Periodical
Document on the Internet (Web page)
• Provide
a URL that links directly to the words you are citing. When an internet
document has numerous sections with different URLs, supply the URL to
the entry (home) page.
U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services. (2006). Pandemic planning assumptions.
Retrieved March 11, 2006,
from http://pandemicflu.gov/plan/pandplan.html
|
Book
Omoto, A. M.,
& Kurtzman, H. S. (2006). Sexual orientation and mental health:
Examining identity and development in
lesbian, gay and bisexual people.
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. |
Edited
Book
Isaacs,
S.L., & Knickman, J.R. (Eds.). (1999). To improve health and
health care 2000: The Robert Wood Johnson
foundation anthology. San Francisco:
Jossey-Bass. |
Book
Chapter
Leaning, J. (1993).
War and the environment: Human health consequences of the environmental
damage of war. In E.
Chivian, M. McCally, H. Hu, & A.
Haines (Eds.), Critical condition: Human health and the environment
(pp. 123-137).
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
|
Further Resources to Help You Master APA Style
American Psychological
Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association. WZ345. A35. 2001
American Psychological
Association. (2006). Concise Rules of APA Style (2005). Washington,
DC: American Psychological Association. WZ345 C744
2005
American Psychological Association. (2007). APA style guide
to electronic references. Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association. WZ345 A639 2007
American Psychological
Association. (n.d.). APA
Style Tips . Retrieved October 16, 2006, from http://www.apastyle.org/previoustips.html
•
If
you need help, contact the Reference
Librarians at the Health Sciences Library.
|
